During this same period, Europe, joined to Greenland, began drifting away from North America, which resulted in the emergence of the seafloor in the Labrador Sea and the northernmost Atlantic Ocean. The seafloor of the Gulf of Mexico began forming some 160 to 150 million years ago. Evolution of the ocean basins through plate movements. When a broken plate tectonics, lithospheric thinning layer and split, forming divergent boundaries. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. ","acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer","text": "However, the shape of most past ocean basins has to be worked out from observations of remnants preserved in continental areas. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Atlantic ocean and the Arctic ocean are good examples of active, growing oceanic basins, whereas the Mediterranean Sea is shrinking. Features of the ocean include the continental shelf, slope, and rise. The Embryonic is exempted in the ocean basin revolution. West of Italy it was created during subsequent spreading between 30 and 20 million years ago. DeepOceanFacts.com -All Right Reserved. On the other hand, there are some example for the embryonic stage such as the Great Rift Valley, southern Red Sea, and Eastern Africa. The buried hills in the Chengdao-Zhuanghai area are rich in oil and gas resources, and their structures exhibit complex styles with unique evolutionary characteristics. Then, to know either the stage of the ocean basin evolution is in the mature stage or not there is a characteristic that you can know. Seafloor spreading in the Central Atlantic Ocean likely occurred around 134-126 Ma on Pan-African Orogenic and Rheic sutures. PubMedGoogle Scholar. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Moscow, St Petersburg, pp 120130, Gardner JV, Armstrong AA (2011) The Mariana trench: a new view based on multibeam echo sounding, American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2011. Other significant features of the ocean floor include aseismic ridges, abyssal hills, and seamounts and guyots. 6. How is the ocean basins evolution going? Available from: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/WOA05/pr_woa05.html, Wright J, Rothery DA (1998) The ocean basins: their structure and evolution, 2nd edn. [4] The first three stages (Embryonic, Young, Mature) describe the widening of the ocean and the last three stages (Declining, Terminal, and Relic Scar/Geosuture) describe the closing of the ocean and creation of mountain ranges like the Himalayas.[3]. And also in this stage you can see that the narrow seas will match the coast perfectly. In: Micallef, A., Krastel, S., Savini, A. A defining geomorphic feature of the declining category is that around 1% of their area is trench. apart the crusts and crust slab sink in the middle, forming a rift If you want to compare the oceans seafloor one to another there will be a difference of their bottom structure. [4], The Wilson cycle theory is based upon the idea of an ongoing cycle of ocean closure, continental collision, and a formation of new ocean on the former suture zone. ocean basin widens, trenches develop and subduction begins, subduction The Dangers of Polluting The Sea Against Marine 5 Examples of Hydrological Natural Disasters that You 6 Factors Affecting Air Temperature and The Explanation, Causes of Typhoon Hagibis and The Impacts of Mitigation Methods, Sand Boil Phenomenon Explanation and How to Overcome, Characteristics of Freshwater Swamp Forests Functions Distributions. At this time Africa was joined to South America, Eurasia, and North America. Meanwhile, to let you know which ocean is in the terminal stage or not you can see the existence of the young mountains in the ocean. http://elpub.wdcb.ru/journals/rjes/v06/tje04146/tje04146.htm, Pushcharovsky YM (2006) Tectonic types of the Pacific abyssal basins. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. A number of major features of the basins depart from this averagefor example, the mountainous ocean ridges, deep-sea trenches, and jagged, linear fracture zones. Top 9 what happens during embryonic stage of ocean basin? An instance for the mature stage is the Atlantic Ocean. And here today in this article I would like to explain and inform to you about each stages so you can understand better. Even though there is one world ocean, it has traditionally been divided into four major ocean basins: the Arctic, the Atlantic, the Indian, and the Pacific. Although it first opened some 140 million years ago, almost all of the Indian Ocean basin is less than 80 million years old. Mar Geol 285:6986, Harris PT, MacMillan-Lawler M, Rupp J, Baker EK (2014) Geomorphology of the oceans. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. The Pacific Ocean Basin is said to be the oldest among the many other basins on Earth. There are some stages of ocean basin evolution. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. of the sea floor is eliminated and continents collide, Extensional pulling apart, normal I have worked with luxury brands and high-end news publications, including Vogue Paris, NY Magazine, NY Observer, W Magazine, Brides, VOGUE, and Out. because it is not used to be . If you have questions that need to be answered about the topic what are the four stages of the evolution of an ocean basin from first to last?, then this section may help you solve it. What is the proper order of the Earths four layers? 1. closed, showing the Nile Valley, Nile Delta, and exposed mantle cools into oceanic crust; (4) continued spreading For example . a) (1) The upper crust is deformed by ductile stretching while Figure 4.2.1.1. squeeze ocean basin, collision / regional uplift / https://www.ametsoc.org/amsedu/OTIDS/2.10.html, https://deepoceanfacts.com/stages-of-ocean-basin-evolution, https://www.britannica.com/science/ocean-basin/Evolution-of-the-ocean-basins-through-plate-movements, https://www.microblife.in/what-are-the-four-stages-of-the-evolution-of-an-ocean-basin-from-first-to-last/. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. broad ocean basin widens, trenches develop and subduction begins. Geotectonics 40:345356, Ricou L-E (1996) The plate tectonic history of the past Tethys Ocean. first to last? Top 8 what international event led to the red scare? While there is one global ocean, it is generally divided up into five major basins: the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Indian, the Southern, and the Arctic. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Rank, in order, the evolution of a continental hot spot. There are three stages in the history of a basin: mature (where a broad ocean basin widens, trenches eventually form, and subduction starts); declining (where the sea floor is eliminated by subduction and an oceanic ridge forms); and terminal (where the sea floor is finally eliminated and continents collide to form a continental mountain chain). The characteristic is the existence of the continental margins in the ocean seafloor that creates the ocean basin. Quat Sci Rev 23:14351454, Baker BH, Mohr PA, Williams LAJ (1972) Geology of the eastern rift system of Africa. The Pacific Ocean Basin earns the title as the biggest and the private ocean basin on earth. ocean basin), ocean basin with spreading center the ocean basins so a hypsometric curve is really a representation of competition between uplift and erosion . Along the west coast of North America, the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate converged along what is now California shortly after 30 million years ago. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. In this stage the rift valley is formed while the continent is begins to split. Stages in the evolution of a rift basin. There are some stages of ocean basin evolution. A proto- or ancient Caribbean seafloor also was formed during this period but was later subducted. Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao, 08.05.2020 04:05, Add a question text of at least 10 characters. Together they contain the overwhelming majority of all water on the planet and have an average depth of almost 4 km (about 2.5 miles). These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. For example, a well-constrained seismic search for the presence of former . Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 636643, Divins DL (2003) Thickness of sedimentary cover in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. a) (1) The upper crust is deformed by ductile stretching while Meanwhile, Juvenile stage makes the existence of oceanic crust occur below the sea level with the shape of thin and dense. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. THE SHAPE OF OCEAN BASINS THE MAIN FEATURES OF OCEAN BASINS CONTINENTAL MARGINS Aseismic continental margins Seismic continental margins and island arcs OCEAN RIDGES Ridge topography Age-depth relationships across ridges. The rigid uppermost layer of the mantle is overlain by the oceanic crust, which is made up of the lower oceanic crust, which is composed of troctolite, gabbro, and ultramafic cumulates, and the upper oceanic crust, which contains pillow lavas and a dike complex. Then, to know either the stage of the ocean basin evolution is in the mature stage or not there is a characteristic that you can know. "}}, {"@type": "Question","name": "Which ocean basin is the youngest? The Atlantic ocean and the Arctic ocean are good examples of active, starting to be oceanic basins, whereas the Mediterranean Sea is shrinking. These limitations are common areas of tectonic activity, thats the deformation of the earths crust due to move of tectonic plates leading to pastime (similar to earthquakes, volcanoes and mountain building). they have low melting points.ont thermal or electrical conductivity.thoir nhysical c. The Four LayersThe crust is made of the lightest materials (rock- basalts and granites) and the core is made of heavy metals (nickel and iron).Many geologists believe that as the Earth cooled, the heavier, denser materials sank to the center and the lighter materials rose to the top. Top 6 what interactions exist between a tick on a dog and the dog, Top 9 what happens if you have no human contact. After the elimination of seafloor and the collide of continents there will be created and or the forming of the continental mountains chain. "}}, {"@type": "Question","name": "Which ocean basin is the oldest? Lets just take a look to our ocean. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. What are the 5 stages of ocean evolution? Question sent to expert. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. The Amerasian basin in the western Arctic Ocean had formed during an earlier spreading phase from about 130 to 110 million years ago. From largest to smallest, the five ocean basins are the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic. In the eastern Mediterranean the seafloor is no older than about 100 million years. The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest ocean in the world. Fishing Clash: Catching Fish Game. The narrow ocean basin may be caused by sediment input that make the young mountain exist along and around the flanks. valley; (3) continued spreading creates a narrow sea; (4) after This spreading phase affected the passages in the Tethys seaway between Europe (Iberia) and northwest Africa, intermittently opening and closing it. Continental shelves cover an area of 32,242,540km2 or 8.91% of the oceans (Harris et al. SmartFigure: The Wilson Cycle of Ocean Basin Evolution closing (end) of an ocean which is driven by Plate Tectonics. The Tethys seaway also opened during this rifting phase as Europe pulled away from Africa. Declining - Motion: Convergence (Subduction) Example: Pacific Ocean 2. In the ocean plate, this process causes the seafloor spreading. Stages of Ocean Basin Evolution Embryonic rift valley forms as continent begins to split Great Rift Valley, Eastern Africa Juvenile sea-floor basalts begin forming as continental sections diverge Red Sea Mature broad ocean basin widens, trenches develop and subduction begins Atlantic Ocean Declining India and Madagascar, as a unit, rifted away from Australia and Antarctica prior to 130 million years ago and began drifting northward, creating seafloor adjacent to Western Australia and East Antarctica. The characteristic is the existence of the continental margins in the ocean seafloor that creates the ocean basin. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. "}}]}, Physiography and bathymetry (submarine panorama) allow the ocean floor to be subdivided into three different provinces: (1), There are five major subdivisions of the world ocean: the, A number of major elements of the basins depart from this commonfor instance, the, Geographic features linked to deep-ocean basins come with, Is A Size 4 Or 6 Hook Bigger? The oceans water column is divided into five distinct regions: the epipelagic (sunlight zone), mesopelagic (twilight zone), bathypelagic (midnight zone), abyssopelagic (abyssopelagic), and hadal (trenches) zones. Less than 30 million years ago, seafloor spreading ceased in the Labrador Sea. Springer, Boston, pp 370, Rintoul SR (2007) Rapid freshening of Antarctic bottom water formed in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. There are some stages of ocean basin evolution. Australia began drifting northward, away from East Antarctica, creating seafloor there. Ideas, 10 during g1 stage of interphase, a diploid organism contains how many copies of each gene? This hat says its water-resistant but just try your best not to get, What Is Social Fact According To mile Durkheim? (b) Mature rifting with through-going boundary fault zone, widespread deposition, and footwall uplift and erosion. -it can be or Ocean Basin INACTIVE. We classify World Ocean into four parts i.e. What are the five major basins of the ocean? You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The evolution contains five stages which are embryonic stage, juvenile stage, mature stage, declining stage, terminal stage, mature stage, and continental collision. a. volcanic eruptions b. the amount of rainfall c. the rising of warm air into the atmosphere d. increase of the amount of co2 in the atmosphere, 7. which is true about metals? The Murder Mystery: This is a casino themed murder, Is Tuna A Delicacy? "}}, {"@type": "Question","name": "What is the formation of the ocean basin? In this article, 5 major basins might be talked about in particulars adding their description, features and usage. Subway spokeswoman Lorri Christou told The Post that, How Do I Remove Rythm From My Discord Server? Basin and Range province, small remnant of ancient Tethys Sea, almost completely Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Thank you for reading our article until the end and being our loyal follower. Geology 22:491495, OGrady DB, Syvitski JPM, Pratson LF, Sarg JF (2000) Categorizing the morphologic variability of siliciclastic passive continental margins. Put the first step on top. In this stage the movement that appears and happens kind of the same with the mature stage which are the uplift and the convergence. What are some examples of how providers can receive incentives? The correct option is option D that says: It does not store any personal data. Which of the following accurately describes the stages of ocean basin evolution? a) (1) The upper crust is deformed by ductile stretching while the lower crust is broken along normal faults (2) tension pulls apart the crusts and crust slab sink in the middle forming a rift valley (3) continued spreading creates a narrow sea (4) after continued spreading an ocean and ridge system are created. In this stage, the sample was at the temperature at the bottom of the partial annealing zone, the temperature drops rapidly from 130 C to 75 C, with the temperature difference of 55 C and the cooling rate of 0.91 C/Myr (the evolution trend after 60 Ma is consistent with the evolution trends of the other four samples). The present-day Mediterranean seafloor was formed during a complex sequence of rifting between small plates in this region, beginning with the separation of North America and Europe from Africa about 200 million years ago. Although we have a broad conceptual model on the stages of ocean basin evolution (Fig. Mature. {"@context": "https://schema.org","@type": "FAQPage","mainEntity": [{"@type": "Question","name": "What is topography of ocean basin? a) (1) The upper crust is deformed by ductile stretching while the lower crust is broken along normal faults (2) tension pulls apart the crusts and crust slab sink in the middle forming a rift valley (3) continued spreading creates a narrow sea (4) after continued spreading an ocean and ridge system are created. apart the crusts and exposes the mantle between them; (3) the The evolution contains five stages which areembryonic stage, juvenile stage, mature stage, declining stage, terminal stage, mature stage, and continental collision. And example of the juvenile stage is the Red Sea. lower crust is deformed by ductile stretching; (2) tension pulls What led to the formation of the earths four major layers? (eds) Submarine Geomorphology. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. There are three stages in the history of a basin: mature (where a broad ocean basin widens, trenches eventually form, and subduction starts); declining (where the sea floor is eliminated by subduction and an oceanic ridge forms); and terminal (where the sea floor is finally eliminated and continents collide to form a continental mountain chain). found here, Extension (spreading) of the What materials make up the four layers of the earth? There is one example of the declining stage which is the Pacific Ocean. Bottom water occurring within 33 major bathymetric basins (located within the broader ocean basins) is found to exhibit a spatial relationship to near-bottom dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations. center in the Indian Ocean. apart the crusts and crust slab sink in the middle, forming a rift You will receive an answer to the email. Together they comprise the overpowering majority of all water on this planet and feature a typical depth of virtually 4 km (about 2.5 miles). -about 70% of Earth's surface. Many people also known the continental collision stage as the suturing stage. The ocean basin can just stuck and stay in one stage and not continuing the next stages. An instance for the mature stage is the Atlantic Ocean. Earth Planet Sci Lett 395:217230, Backman J, Jakobsson M, Lvlie R, Polyak L, Febo LA (2004) Is the central Arctic Ocean a sediment starved basin? The basin evolution is divided into the stable ocean basin stage, the slow subduction and filling stage and the fast subduction and filling stage. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in And heretoday in this article I would like to explain and inform to you about each stages so you can understand better. Atwater BF, Carson B, Griggs GB, Johnson HP, Salmi MS (2014) Rethinking turbidite paleoseismology along the Cascadia subduction zone. sea-floor basalts begin forming as continental sections diverge. 6 What are the 5 stages of ocean evolution? Active faulting and varying slope gradients affected the occurrence and types of sediment gravity flows during each stage. Then, to grasp either the stage of the sea basin evolution is in the mature stage or not there is a attribute that you can know. Furthermore, there is one more thing that you need to know. Gradients of decreasing DO concentration suggests bottom water pathways within basins and between adjacent basins of similar (or greater) depth. Cited by 38 As outlined in Table 1 and Figure 2, the six-stage cycle for opening and closing of ocean basins (only later termed the Wilson Cycle), The six-stage Wilson Cycle of opening and closing of basins , a top-notch website with top-notch content essays on a relevant topic with beautiful content, 3 Ocean basin Assessment Direction Encircle the letter of the , The Ocean Basins Their Structure and Evolution, The Wilson Cycle Dr. Asghar Ali Department of Geology , fantastic online content on a relevant topic, Your email address will not be published. "}}, {"@type": "Question","name": "What is the biggest ocean basin in the world? Where To Go Fishing On Long Beach Island? The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Embryonic. Have Fun! "}}, {"@type": "Question","name": "How deep is the ocean basin in miles? Each layer of the earths structurethe crust, the mantle, the outer core, and the inner corehas a distinct chemical composition and physical state that can have an impact on life on the planets surface. What are the four main ocean basins which is the largest and which is the smallest? continental margins, (2) deep ocean basins and (3) mid-oceanic ridges, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and Arctic Ocean, mountainous ocean ridges, deep-sea trenches, and jagged, linear fracture zones, trenches, abyssal plains, ocean ridges and rises, and submarine mountainous regions, continents are a good deal older than the sea floor, Modern ocean basins contain no oceanic lithosphere older than Jurassic (<200 million years in age). Oxford University Press, 300 pp, Tchernia P (1980) Descriptive regional oceanography. Oceanic crust is much younger than most continental crust. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Consulted on 2016-04-04. And here today in this article I would like to explain and inform to you about each stages so you can understand better. However, the early-stage tectonic evolution and the subduction initiation time of different oceanic basins were not clear in the southern Paleo-Asian Ocean. 1 What are the four major ocean basins parts? This kind of movement that allows the formed of rift valley and the splitting of the continent. Stages of Ocean Basin Evolution Embryonic rift valley forms as continent begins to split Great Rift Valley, Eastern Africa Juvenile sea-floor basalts begin forming as continental sections diverge Red Sea Mature broad ocean basin widens, trenches develop and subduction begins Atlantic Ocean Declining The rift split the supercontinent to form a narrow ocean basin. What are the four major ocean basins parts? ", "Static or Mobile Earth: The Current Scientific Revolution", "Assembly and Dispersal of Supercontinents", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilson_Cycle&oldid=1118670150, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. The examples of the continental collision are the Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau. By default, what ::Refer to the image below to answer the following question. ","acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer","text": "Ocean basin is basically the region that contains a huge amount of water. first to last? South Atlantic Ocean seafloor spreading began along the Congo-Sao Francisco Craton around 112 Ma. These parks in the USA arent just a section of a, Are Huk Hats Waterproof? The area of ocean trench is relatively small in all mature ocean basins, ranging from 0 to 0.3%. Tectonic setting of eastern North American rifted margin, showing major Paleozoic compressional . Which is an example of the mature stage of the ocean basin? flooded by seawater, spreading begins (mid-ocean ridge An example for the mature stage is the Atlantic Ocean. Top 8 what intermolecular force must be overcome to vaporize water (h2o)? In: Nairn AEM, Ricou L-E, Vrielynck B, Dercourt J (eds) The Tethys Ocean. Various parts of the modern day Atlantic Ocean opened at different times over the Mesozoic to Cenozoic periods following the Wilson Cycle. Another example of the terminal stage is the Persian Gulf. Marine Geology & Seafloor Surveying Group, Department of Geosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, Msida, Malta, Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-Universitt zu Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Universit degli Studi Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy, 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, Harris, P.T., Macmillan-Lawler, M. (2018). Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Sinai Peninsula. In: Engel AEJ, James HL, Leonard BF (eds) Petrologic studies: a volume in honor of A. F. Buddington. Juvenile. Then, to grasp either the stage of the sea basin evolution is in the mature stage or not there is a attribute that you can know. Next up, after the juvenile stage of ocean basin revolution we have the mature stage. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. The cyclical opening and closing of ocean basins caused by movement of the Earths plates. This happens because the crust in under the effect of tensional The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. ","acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer","text": "The elements of an active oceanic basin often include the oceanic trench associated with a subduction zone . creates an ocean and ridge system. After the embryonic stage, we have the juvenile stage. The ocean basin continued to widen through seafloor spreading. The evolution contains five stages which are embryonic stage, juvenile stage, mature stage, declining stage, terminal stage, mature stage, and continental collision. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. In the southwest Pacific, New Zealand, along with the Lord Howe Rise and the Norfolk Ridge, rifted away from Australia and Antarctica between 80 and 60 million years ago, opening the Tasman Sea. Subsequently subduction is initiated on one of the ocean basins margins and the ocean basin closes up. "}}, {"@type": "Question","name": "What is the morphology of an ocean basin? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Ocean basin that will experience the evolution is the one that has an active tectonic margin. Bass Hunting 3D Game Free Offli, What Is The Best Murder Mystery Game For A Party? valley; (3) continued spreading creates a narrow sea; (4) after 2 What are the stages of the ocean basin evolution? Geological Society of America, New York, pp 599620, Hillier JK, Watts AB (2005) Relationship between depth and age in the North Pacific Ocean. Then, to know either the stage of the ocean basin evolution is in the mature stage or not there is a characteristic that you can know. Other significant features of the ocean floor include aseismic ridges, abyssal hills, and seamounts and guyots. Top 8 what international event led to the red scare, Top 9 what internal factors led to the downfall of aksum, Top 9 what internal and external factors led to the downfall of aksum. "}}, {"@type": "Question","name": "What 4 features make up the deep ocean basin? The characteristic is the existence of the continental margins in the ocean seafloor that creates the ocean basin. Science, 07.01.2020 19:28, calmaaprilgrace What the are stages of the ocean basin evolution? Indian Ocean, All stages in ocean evolution are How Can I Teach My Child About The Ocean? You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. valley forms as continent begins to split, sea-floor Top 7 what happens after a language comes into contact with another. Required fields are marked *. Ocean basins are formed by the stretching and splitting (rifting) of continental crust, followed by the rise of mantle material and magma into the crack to form new oceanic lithosphere. subduction eliminates much of sea floor and oceanic ridge. GRID-Arendal, Postboks 183, 4836, Arendal, Norway, You can also search for this author in India began drifting northward directly toward Asia. These plates move very slowly and meet at their barriers. What Does The Tune Review Mean For The Nsw Government? "}}, {"@type": "Question","name": "What are the three major topographic units of the ocean basins? These plates move very slowly and meet at their boundaries. Between 60 and 50 million years ago, significant events occurred in the Indian Ocean and southwest Pacific.
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